Conditionals: zero, first, second, third

Advanced · Conditionals

Conditionals are "if" sentences: they describe a condition and its result. There are four main types, and each one signals how real or likely the situation is.

The key is that each type has a fixed verb pattern. Once you memorize the four patterns, you can express everything from scientific facts to impossible dreams and past regrets.

How to build it

Zero: If + present, present First: If + present, will + base Second: If + past, would + base Third: If + past perfect, would have + past participle

Rules & examples

1. Zero conditional — general truths and facts (always true).

   If X happens, Y always happens. You could replace "if" with "when".

   • If you heat ice, it melts.
   • If it rains, the ground gets wet.
2. First conditional — a real, likely future possibility.

   A realistic situation and its probable result.

   • If it rains, I will stay home.
   • If you study, you will pass.
3. Second conditional — an unreal or unlikely present/future.

   Imaginary or improbable. Note: after "if" we use "were" for all subjects.

   • If I had money, I would travel.
   • If I were you, I would apologize.
4. Third conditional — an unreal past (impossible now, often a regret).

   It did not happen, and we imagine a different past.

   • If I had known, I would have helped.
   • If she had studied, she would have passed.
5. You can put the result first — then use no comma.

   Both orders are correct.

   • I would travel if I had money.

Tips to remember

• Zero = always true. First = real future. Second = imaginary now. Third = imaginary past.
• Never put "will" or "would" in the "if" part. The "if" clause keeps the simpler verb form.

Common mistakes

• ✗ If I will see him, I will tell him. → ✓ If I see him, I will tell him. — Do not use "will" in the "if" clause of a first conditional.
• ✗ If I would have time, I would come. → ✓ If I had time, I would come. — The second conditional uses the past simple in the "if" clause, not "would".